diff --git a/.loom/event-log.md b/.loom/event-log.md
index 337eff4..0db0c76 100644
--- a/.loom/event-log.md
+++ b/.loom/event-log.md
@@ -1110,3 +1110,34 @@ opaque strings cannot support.*
 **Belief that could be shown wrong:** *that fifty is readable.* **It is today.**
 *The next remedy is not another compaction — it is the guide `bedrock` needed,
 and it is not needed yet.*
+
+## 2026-09-08 — a `404` at adoption has a third reading, and it is resolvable
+
+**`externals` names two readings of a `404` — withdrawn, or access lost — and
+they are the two a **locked** document can have.** *Adoption by name has a third:
+**a document that was never there under that name**.*
+
+*Found in use: `loomctl external add jeffry/homelab-cluster database` reported the
+ambiguity for what was a missing `s`.*
+
+**The tool was reporting an ambiguity it had the means to resolve.** *For the
+by-name form it knows the repository, so on a `404` it now lists the published
+surface:*
+
+```
+loomctl: jeffry/homelab-cluster publishes no "database.md". It publishes:
+  databases.md  gitea.md  private-access.md  ...
+```
+
+**And it only claims that when the listing succeeds.** *If listing fails too, the
+repository itself is unreachable and the original ambiguity is the honest
+answer* — **the same discipline as reporting `public` and `not-public` rather than
+`private`: say the thing you verified.**
+
+**Not a gap against `externals`.** *The third reading cannot occur where that
+document is speaking, which is `check` against a lock.* **It appears only at
+adoption, which is ours.**
+
+**Belief that could be shown wrong:** *that an extra round trip on a failure is
+free.* **It is one partial clone on a path nobody takes twice**, *and if adoption
+against large repositories becomes common the listing should be bounded.*
diff --git a/internal/external/byname.go b/internal/external/byname.go
index 502a5a3..07841e8 100644
--- a/internal/external/byname.go
+++ b/internal/external/byname.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package external
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os/exec"
@@ -50,7 +51,30 @@ func AddByName(root, ownerRepo, name string, out io.Writer) error {
 		}
 		raw = fmt.Sprintf(raw, branch)
 	}
-	return Add(root, raw, "", out)
+	err = Add(root, raw, "", out)
+
+	// A 404 here has a reading the convention does not list, because it can only
+	// happen at adoption: the name is wrong. We know the repository, so rather
+	// than reporting an ambiguity we can resolve, look.
+	var nf *NotFoundError
+	if errors.As(err, &nf) {
+		var names strings.Builder
+		if lerr := List(ctx.CloneURL(ownerRepo), &names); lerr == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s publishes no %q. It publishes:\n%s",
+				ownerRepo, name, indent(names.String()))
+		}
+		// Listing failed too, so the repository itself is unreachable and the
+		// original ambiguity stands.
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func indent(s string) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.TrimRight(s, "\n"), "\n") {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "  %s\n", line)
+	}
+	return strings.TrimRight(b.String(), "\n")
 }
 
 // ListByName enumerates a repository named against the current context.
diff --git a/internal/external/external.go b/internal/external/external.go
index 71b78a5..b4a8449 100644
--- a/internal/external/external.go
+++ b/internal/external/external.go
@@ -253,6 +253,19 @@ func warnIfNotPublic(root, raw, vis string, out io.Writer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(out, "         record only the dependency, which loomctl cannot do yet.\n")
 }
 
+// NotFoundError is a 404, which over HTTP carries more than one reading.
+//
+// The convention names two — withdrawn, or access lost — because those are the
+// two a locked document can have. Adoption by name has a third: a document that
+// was never there under that name. Callers that know the repository can tell
+// them apart; this type is how they get the chance.
+type NotFoundError struct{ URL string }
+
+func (e *NotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("404 unresolved: %s was withdrawn, or this credential cannot see it — "+
+		"over HTTP these are the same response", e.URL)
+}
+
 type fetched struct {
 	data []byte
 	url  string
@@ -281,8 +294,7 @@ func fetch(cfg *config.Config, raw, ifNoneMatch string) (*fetched, string, error
 		}
 		return &fetched{data: b, url: resp.Request.URL.String()}, resp.Header.Get("ETag"), nil
 	case http.StatusNotFound:
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("404 unresolved: %s was withdrawn, or this credential cannot see it — "+
-			"over HTTP these are the same response", raw)
+		return nil, "", &NotFoundError{URL: raw}
 	default:
 		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", resp.Status, raw)
 	}